Monument in India

Ellora Caves, one of India’s most significant historical landmarks, is a testimony to the country’s rich cultural heritage. Nestled in the Sahyadri Hills near Aurangabad, Maharashtra, these caves blend artistry, spirituality, and ancient engineering. In 1984, they have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Ellora Caves are a must-visit for history enthusiasts, art lovers, and spiritual seekers alike. In this article, we will delve into the historical and geographical significance of Ellora Caves and provide detailed travel information on how to reach this iconic site from major cities like Pune, Mumbai, and Delhi.

Historical Significance of Ellora Caves

The Ellora Caves date back to the 6th to 12th centuries CE and are a remarkable example of rock-cut architecture. The caves are divided into three distinct groups representing three major religions of ancient India: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. This religious diversity showcased in a single site highlights the spirit of tolerance and cultural coexistence that flourished in India during this period.

Hindu Caves (Caves 13–29)

The Hindu caves are among the oldest at Ellora, with the most significant being Cave 16, known as the Kailasa Temple. The Kailasa Temple is an architectural wonder carved entirely out of a single rock. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is designed to represent Mount Kailash, the mythical abode of the god. The sheer scale and intricate carvings of this monolithic structure are unparalleled, making it the centerpiece of Ellora.

Other notable Hindu caves include Caves 14 and 15, which depict various deities and scenes from Hindu mythology. The sculptures are detailed and vibrant, showcasing the skills of the artisans who worked on them over a millennium ago.

Kailash temple, cave n°16

Buddhist Caves (Caves 1–12)

The Buddhist caves at Ellora, dating from the 6th to 8th centuries, are among the earliest structures at the site. These caves were primarily used as monasteries, with Cave 10, also known as the ‘Vishvakarma Cave’ or the ‘Carpenter’s Cave,’ being the most prominent. It houses a large, seated Buddha in a preaching pose and is famous for its vaulted roof, which mimics the wooden beams of early Buddhist architecture.

The Buddhist caves reflect the simplicity and meditative ethos of Buddhism. They include prayer halls (viharas) and monasteries with intricate carvings that depict scenes from the life of Buddha, various bodhisattvas, and other symbolic motifs.

Buddhist caves, cave n°10

Jain Caves (Caves 30 –34)

The Jain caves at Ellora were created during the 9th and 10th centuries and are comparatively smaller but equally intricate. These caves are characterized by their elaborate detailing and the presence of statues of Tirthankaras (Jain spiritual teachers). Cave 32, also known as the Indra Sabha, is the most significant among the Jain caves. It features a beautifully sculpted lotus flower on the ceiling and a statue of Lord Mahavira seated on a lion throne.

The Jain caves reflect the austerity and spiritual focus of Jainism, with carvings that emphasize simplicity and divine grace. The peaceful ambiance of these caves provides a serene experience for visitors.

Jain caves

Religions present in the Ellora caves

For a comprehensive visit to the Ellora caves, you need to know about the three religions present there.

Buddhism

Buddhism, one of the world’s great religions and philosophies, originated in India over 2,500 years ago and spread throughout Asia and beyond. Founded on the teachings of the Buddha, it offers a spiritual path focused on liberation from suffering and the quest for enlightenment.

Origins of Buddhism

The life of Siddhartha Gautama

Buddhism has its roots in the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, a prince born in the 6th century B.C. in Lumbini (in present-day Nepal).
Born into a royal Shakya family, he led a life of luxury, but was troubled by the sight of human suffering: old age, illness and death. Seeking a remedy for these universal realities, Siddhartha left his palace to live as an ascetic.
After years of meditation and severe asceticism, he realized that neither material pleasures nor extreme deprivation could lead to ultimate truth. Under a sacred fig tree in Bodh Gaya, he attained enlightenment, becoming the Buddha, “the Awakened One”.
The Buddha then spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma, the path to liberation, and guiding his disciples to Nirvana, the state of extinction of desire and suffering.

Main concepts of Buddhism

The fundamental teachings of Buddhism are based on several key principles:

The Four Noble Truths

• Dukkha: Life is marked by suffering.
• Samudaya : The cause of suffering is desire (attachment).
• Nirodha: Suffering can be ended by attaining Nirvana.
• Magga : The path to end suffering is the Eightfold Path.

The Eightfold Path

This path offers a guide to living an ethical, meditative and enlightened life. It includes :

• Correct view (understanding truths)
• Correct intention
• Correct speech
• Correct action
• Correct living
• Correct effort
• Correct attention
• Correct concentration

The Law of Karma and Samsara

Karma refers to all actions (thoughts, words and deeds) that influence rebirths in the cycle of Samsara (the cycle of births and deaths). The aim of Buddhism is to free oneself from this cycle and attain Nirvana.

Anatta and Anicca

• Anatta (non-self): The idea that there is no permanent or unchanging self.
• Anicca (impermanence): The recognition that everything is in perpetual change.

The Three Jewels

Buddhists take refuge in :

• Buddha (the teacher)
• The Dharma (the teachings)
• The Sangha (the monastic or spiritual community).

Development and expansion

Buddhism in India

Buddhism spread rapidly thanks to the Buddha and his disciples. However, its growth was particularly marked during the reign of Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BC), who became a fervent Buddhist after the battle of Kalinga. He erected stupas, pillars and inscriptions to spread the Dharma throughout his empire and beyond.

The three main currents

Theravada (or Hinayana):

• Considered the oldest form of Buddhism, it focuses on the original teachings.
• Practiced in Southeast Asia (Sri Lanka, Thailand, Burma, Cambodia, Laos).

Mahayana:

• Developed in the 1st century BC, it emphasizes compassion and the role of the bodhisattva (enlightened beings helping others).
• Dominant in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

Vajrayana:

• An esoteric form of Mahayana, incorporating tantric rituals.
• Practiced mainly in Tibet, Bhutan, Mongolia and parts of the Himalayas.

Expansion in Asia and worldwide

• Central Asia, China and Korea: Buddhism arrived thanks to merchants and missionaries along the Silk Road.
• In Japan: Introduced from Korea, it became a major cultural and spiritual force.
• In the West: Since the 19th century, Buddhism has inspired thinkers and spiritual seekers the world over.

The Sacred Places of Buddhism

Buddhism has 4 sacred sites. They are often linked to significant events in the Buddha’s life, or to important religious sites.

The Four Major Sites linked to the life of the Buddha

• Lumbini (Nepal): Birthplace of the Buddha.
• Bodh Gaya (India): Place of Buddha’s enlightenment under the Bodhi tree.
• Sarnath (India): Place of Buddha’s first sermon.
• Kushinagar (India): Place where the Buddha attained Parinirvana.

Other Important Sacred Places

• Rajgir: Where the Buddha taught many sutras and where the first Buddhist council was held.
• Nalanda: Renowned former Buddhist university.
• Ajanta and Ellora: Caves famous for their Buddhist frescoes and sculptures, representing Mahayana art.
• Borobudur (Indonesia): A giant mandala temple, symbol of the Buddhist universe.
• Temple of the Tooth (Sri Lanka): Place where a dental relic of the Buddha is kept.
• Potala Palace (Tibet): Former residence of the Dalai Lamas, symbol of Tibetan Buddhism.

Hinduism

Hinduism, often considered one of the world’s oldest religions, is a complex spiritual tradition that originated in India over 4,000 years ago. Rich in mythology, ritual practices and diverse philosophies, it is practiced today by over a billion people.

Origins of Hinduism

The roots of Hinduism

Hinduism has no single founder. Its origins date back to the Indus Valley civilization (circa 2600-1900 BC), combined with the beliefs and rituals of the Aryans who migrated to India around 1500 BC.
These Aryans introduced the Vedas, the Sanskrit sacred texts that form the basis of Hindu rituals and religious practices.

The evolution of the sacred texts

• The Vedas: Four main texts (Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda) containing hymns, prayers and rituals.
• Upanishads (circa 800-200 BC): Philosophies and meditations on the nature of the universe, the self (Atman) and ultimate reality (Brahman).
• Epics: The Mahabharata (including the Bhagavad-Gita) and the Ramayana tell mythological stories rich in moral and spiritual teachings.

Main concepts of Hinduism

Brahman and Atman

• Brahman: The ultimate, infinite, universal reality.
• Atman: The individual soul or self, considered part of Brahman.

Dharma, Karma and Samsara

• Dharma: The duties, virtues and rules that guide each individual according to caste, age and role in society.
• Karma: An individual’s actions (thoughts, words and deeds) determine his future in this and subsequent lives.
• Samsara : The cycle of rebirth and death, influenced by karma.

Moksha

The ultimate goal of Hinduism is moksha, liberation from the cycle of samsara. This liberation enables the union of the Atman with Brahman.

Trimurti: The Three Principal Divinities

• Brahma: Creator of the universe.
• Vishnu: The protector and preserver of the universe.
• Shiva: The destroyer, symbol of transformation and renewal.

Gods and goddesses

Hinduism recognizes millions of deities, each representing specific aspects of life or the universe. Among the most venerated are:

• Lakshmi (goddess of wealth)
• Saraswati (goddess of knowledge)
• Parvati (mother goddess, wife of Shiva)
• Ganesh (elephant-headed god, symbol of prosperity and success).

The Four Ways to Salvation

Hinduism offers several paths to spiritual liberation:

1. Bhakti Yoga: Devotion to a deity.
2. Karma Yoga: The path of selfless action.
3. Jnana Yoga: Path of knowledge.
4. Raja Yoga: Path of meditation and mental discipline.

Development and Expansion of Hinduism

Vedic period (1500-500 BC)

Hinduism developed around Vedic rituals, involving fire worship and animal sacrifice. These practices were carried out by a caste of priests, the Brahmins.

Period of the Upanishads (800-200 BC)

This period marks a transition to a more philosophical approach. Questions about the nature of the soul, the universe and the divine became central.

Classical period (200 BC – 500 AD)

With the writing of the great epics (Mahabharata and Ramayana), Hinduism is enriched by narratives that capture moral and spiritual ideals. The worship of deities such as Vishnu and Shiva became predominant.

World expansion

Thanks to merchants and scholars, Hinduism spread throughout Southeast Asia, profoundly influencing the cultures of countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Cambodia. In these countries, many examples of this influence remain, such as Angkor Wat.

The Sacred Places of Hinduism

For Hindus, pilgrimages play a central role in their spirituality. Sacred places are often associated with rivers, mountains or mythological events.

The Seven Sacred Cities (Sapta Puri)

• Varanasi (Kashi): Located on the banks of the Ganges, this is one of the world’s oldest cities. Considered the spiritual capital of India, it is a place of cremation and purification.
• Ayodhya: Birthplace of the god Rama.
• Mathura: Birthplace of Krishna.
• Haridwar: Gateway to the Ganges, where pilgrims come to purify themselves in its sacred waters.
• Kanchipuram: City of temples, dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu.
• Ujjain: Place associated with the Mahakaleshwar, one of the twelve jyotirlingas (sacred representations of Shiva).
• Dwarka: Mythical city of Krishna, located in Gujarat.

Other sacred sites

There are many places of importance to Hinduism. Nashik, for example, is the setting for part of the Ramayana. The city boasts numerous temples along the Godavari River. Every 12 years, it also hosts the Kumbh Mela, the world’s largest religious pilgrimage.

Sacred rivers

• The Ganges: Symbolizes purity and freedom from sin.
• The Yamuna, Saraswati and Godavari: Also venerated for their purifying powers.

Majestic temples

• Brihadeeswara Temple (Tamil Nadu): A masterpiece of Chola architecture dedicated to Shiva.
• Jagannath temple (Odisha): Famous for the Ratha Yatra festival.
• Meenakshi temple (Madurai): Dedicated to Parvati and Shiva, famous for its sculptures.
• Kailash Temple (Maharashtra): The world’s largest monolithic monument, dedicated to Shiva.
• Angkor Wat (Cambodia): Although a Khmer site, this temple is dedicated to Vishnu and bears witness to the influence of Hinduism in Asia.

Sacred mountains and hills

• Mount Kailash (Tibet): regarded as the abode of Shiva.
• Mount Arunachala (Tamil Nadu): Place of veneration of Shiva in his fire form.

Jainism

One of India’s oldest spiritual traditions, Jainism is a philosophy based on absolute non-violence (ahimsa), the search for truth and asceticism. It is distinct from other Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, although it shares certain philosophical ideas with them.

Origins of Jainism

The roots of Jainism

Jainism has its origins in ancient India, at a time when spiritual and philosophical questioning was flourishing. Its teachings are rooted in a pre-Vedic tradition, long before the Vedas, but it is often associated with the figure of Mahavira, considered the 24th Tirthankara (spiritual master or “ford-maker”).

Mahavira (599-527 BC)

Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana, was the reformer of Jainism. Born into a royal family in present-day Bihar, he renounced his material comforts at the age of 30 to lead a life of strict asceticism. After 12 years of meditation and privation, he attained enlightenment and became a Jina (“victorious”), having conquered the passions and attachments of the material world.
Mahavira’s teachings focus on the purification of the soul and the attainment of liberation (moksha), marking a continuity with the ideas transmitted by previous Tirthankaras.

Main concepts of Jainism

Non-violence (Ahimsa)

Jainism is founded on ahimsa, or absolute non-violence. This includes not only the prohibition of harming any living being, but also of causing unintentional harm, whether to humans, animals or even microscopic life forms.

The Three Jewels (Ratnatraya)

• Correct faith (Samyak Darshana): Understanding of the true nature of the universe and trust in the teachings of the Tirthankaras.
• Correct knowledge (Samyak Jnana): Knowledge of the fundamental principles of reality.
• Correct conduct (Samyak Charitra): Following ethical discipline to purify the soul.

The Five Ethical Vows

1. Ahimsa: Non-violence.
2. Satya: Truth.
3. Asteya: Non-stealing.
4. Brahmacharya: Chastity.
5. Aparigraha: Non-possession or detachment from material possessions.

Karma and Liberation

In Jainism, karma is a subtle substance that attaches itself to the soul through actions and passions. The aim is to purify the soul of all karma in order to attain liberation (moksha), a state of pure, eternal existence.

The two main communities

• Shvetambaras: monks and nuns dressed in white, advocating a less strict ascetic lifestyle.
• Digambaras: monks practicing total renunciation, including of clothing, symbolizing absolute detachment.

Development and expansion of Jainism

Emergence and rise

Jainism developed in parallel with Buddhism in ancient India. While Buddhism spread abroad, Jainism remained mainly centered in India, retaining a strong community in the western and southern regions of India.

Decline and revival

Over time, Jainism lost its political influence, particularly after the rise of Hinduism and Islam. However, Jain communities continued to thrive as merchant groups and artistic patrons. Today, Jainism remains alive, albeit in a minority, and is recognized for its philosophical and ethical contributions.

The Sacred Places of Jainism

Pilgrimage is an essential part of Jain spiritual life. Sacred places are often located on mountains or in magnificently adorned temples.

Sacred mountains

• Shatrunjaya (Palitana, Gujarat): A hill famous for its hundreds of Jain temples, built in white marble.
• Parasnath Hill (Jharkhand): Associated with the 23rd Tirthankara, Parsvanatha.
• Girnar (Gujarat): A sacred site for the two main sects, Shvetambaras and Digambaras.
• Mangi Tungi (Maharashtra): This site boasts the world’s largest Jain statue.

Magnificent temples

• Dilwara temples (Rajasthan): Renowned for their marble sculptures, these temples on Mount Abu are an architectural masterpiece.
• Ranakpur Temple (Rajasthan): Dedicated to Adinatha, the first Tirthankara, this temple is famous for its 1444 finely sculpted columns.
• Shravanabelagola (Karnataka): Home to a giant statue of Gomateshwara (Bahubali), this site is a major symbol of non-violence and renunciation.

Other important sites

• Lumbini (Nepal): Considered the birthplace of several Tirthankaras, as well as being associated with Buddhism.
• Pavapuri (Bihar): Place where Mahavira attained nirvana.

Geographical Information and Layout

Ellora Caves are situated in the Deccan plateau region of India, specifically in the Sahyadri Hills near Aurangabad, Maharashtra. The site extends over a 4-kilometer area and consists of 34 caves carved into the basalt rock cliffs. The caves are aligned from north to south, with the Buddhist caves located in the southern part, the Hindu caves in the central section, and the Jain caves in the northern part.

Climate and Best Time to Visit

Ellora experiences a typical tropical climate, with hot summers, a moderate monsoon season, and pleasant winters. The best time to visit Ellora Caves is between November and March when the weather is cooler and more comfortable for exploration. During the monsoon season (June to September), the surrounding landscape becomes lush and green, providing a beautiful backdrop for the caves, though some areas may be slippery.

Layout and Accessibility

The caves are numbered from south to north, with Cave 1 being the southernmost and Cave 34 being the northernmost. The Kailasa Temple (Cave 16) is centrally located and easily accessible, serving as a focal point for visitors. Most caves have well-maintained pathways, and the site is relatively easy to navigate, though some parts may require a bit of climbing, particularly in the Jain section.

How to Reach Ellora Caves

Ellora Caves are well-connected by road, rail, and air, making them accessible from major cities like Pune, Mumbai, and Delhi. We can organise all your journey from any city. Here’s how you can reach Ellora Caves from these cities:

From Pune to Ellora Caves

By Flight:

The nearest airport to Ellora Caves is Aurangabad Airport, which is approximately 30 kilometers from the site. There are direct flights from Pune to Aurangabad, which take around an hour. From the airport, you can hire a taxi or take a bus to reach Ellora Caves.

By Bus:

Several state-run and private buses operate between Pune and Aurangabad. The journey by bus takes approximately 5 to 6 hours. From Aurangabad bus station, local buses and taxis are available to reach Ellora Caves.

By Car:

If you prefer driving, the distance between Pune and Ellora Caves is about 256 kilometers. The drive takes around 5 to 6 hours via the Pune-Nashik Highway and Aurangabad Road. The road conditions are generally good, and the route passes through scenic landscapes, making it a pleasant drive.

From Mumbai to Ellora caves

By Flight:

Mumbai is well-connected to Aurangabad by direct flights, with a flight duration of around 1.5 hours. Upon arrival at Aurangabad Airport, taxis and buses are available to take you to Ellora Caves.

By Bus:

Several state-run and private buses connect Mumbai to Aurangabad. The bus journey takes about 7 to 8 hours. From Aurangabad, local transportation options are available to reach the caves.

By Car:

The distance from Mumbai to Ellora Caves is approximately 340 kilometers, and the drive takes around 7 to 8 hours. The route via the Mumbai-Nashik Highway and Aurangabad Road offers a scenic and comfortable drive. It is advisable to start early in the morning to avoid traffic and reach Ellora by noon.

From Delhi to Ellora caves

By Flight:

The most convenient way to reach Ellora Caves from Delhi is by flight. Direct flights from Delhi to Aurangabad take about 2 hours. After landing at Aurangabad Airport, you can take a taxi or bus to reach the caves.

By Train:

There are several trains that run from Delhi to Aurangabad, including the Nizamuddin Express and Hazur Sahib Nanded Express. The train journey takes approximately 18 to 20 hours. Upon reaching Aurangabad Railway Station, taxis and buses are available for the 30-kilometer journey to Ellora Caves.

By Car:

Driving from Delhi to Ellora Caves is a long journey, covering about 1,400 kilometers. The drive would take around 24 to 26 hours, depending on the route and traffic conditions. Given the distance, it’s recommended to break the journey into segments and rest along the way. The route via NH44 and NH52 is commonly taken by those driving from Delhi to Maharashtra.

Other Must-Visit Places Near Ellora Caves

When planning your visit to Ellora Caves, don’t miss the opportunity to explore several nearby attractions that offer a deeper dive into the region’s rich history and culture. Here are some must-visit places near Ellora Caves:

1. Daulatabad Fort

Just 16 kilometers from Ellora Caves, Daulatabad Fort (also known as Devagiri) is one of the most formidable forts in India. Renowned for its robust defense mechanisms, including a crocodile-filled moat and a maze-like entrance, this 12th-century fort is a masterpiece of military architecture. Visitors can explore its impressive fortifications and enjoy panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, making it a must-see destination for history enthusiasts and architecture lovers alike.

Daultabad fort

2. Grishneshwar Temple (Jyotirlinga Temple)

Located just a few minutes away from Ellora Caves, Grishneshwar Temple is one of the 12 sacred Jyotirlingas dedicated to Lord Shiva. This ancient temple is a significant pilgrimage site, attracting devotees from across the country. The temple’s intricate carvings and serene ambiance make it a spiritual haven, and its proximity to Ellora Caves makes it a convenient and essential stop for visitors. Including Grishneshwar Temple in your itinerary will enhance your cultural and spiritual experience of the region.

3. Khuldabad Village

Khuldabad Village, situated only 4 kilometers from Ellora Caves, is steeped in historical and spiritual significance. Known as the “Valley of Saints,” Khuldabad is home to the tomb of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a site that contrasts sharply with the grandiosity of other Mughal monuments. The village is also dotted with the dargahs of revered Sufi saints, offering a peaceful and reflective experience. A visit to Khuldabad Village provides insight into the spiritual heritage of the region and the austere life of one of India’s most powerful rulers.

Malik Ambar tonb in Khuldabad

4. Bibi Ka Maqbara

Located approximately 30 kilometers from Ellora Caves in Aurangabad, Bibi Ka Maqbara is often called the “Taj of the Deccan.” This stunning mausoleum, built by Emperor Aurangzeb in memory of his wife Dilras Banu Begum, is a fine example of Mughal architecture. The monument, set amidst well-manicured gardens, offers a tranquil environment and is a popular attraction for those who appreciate history and architecture. A visit to Bibi Ka Maqbara adds a touch of Mughal grandeur to your trip, rounding out your exploration of Aurangabad’s historical sites.

Bibi ka Maqbara

Don’t forget these places

Ellora Caves are surrounded by a wealth of historical and cultural attractions that should not be missed. Daulatabad Fort, Grishneshwar Temple, Khuldabad Village, and Bibi Ka Maqbara are all nearby and offer unique experiences that complement your visit to Ellora. By including these sites in your itinerary, you’ll gain a comprehensive understanding of the rich heritage of the Aurangabad region, making your trip truly unforgettable.

Plan Your Visit with Akvin Tourism:

For a seamless and memorable visit to Ellora Caves and the nearby attractions, choosing the right travel partner is crucial. Akvin Tourism, recognized as the best travel agency in Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar), offers exceptional services that ensure a hassle-free and enriching experience. Known for their friendly and familiar trip experiences, Akvin Tourism specializes in customized tours that allow you to explore Ellora Caves, Daulatabad Fort, Grishneshwar Temple, Khuldabad Village, and Bibi Ka Maqbara with ease and comfort.

Whether you’re planning a spiritual journey to the sacred Grishneshwar Temple, an exploration of the historical Daulatabad Fort, or a cultural visit to the iconic Bibi Ka Maqbara, Akvin Tourism provides expertly guided tours that highlight the best of Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar). With their deep local knowledge, excellent customer service, and commitment to creating memorable experiences, Akvin Tourism stands out as the top choice for travelers visiting the region.

By booking your tour with Akvin Tourism, you can be assured of a well-organized, enjoyable trip that covers all the must-see sites near Ellora Caves. Their expertise and dedication make them the go-to travel agency for anyone looking to explore the rich history and culture of Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar).

The Ajanta Caves, located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, are among the world’s most precious heritage treasures. Inscribed by UNESCO in 1983, the caves tell the story of Buddhism through their frescoes, sculptures and architecture, spanning almost 800 years. The site is an invaluable source for understanding the evolution of the Buddhist faith in India, from Hinayana to Mahayana Buddhism.

Historical background to the Ajanta caves

The Ajanta site is remarkable for several reasons. Firstly, it shows us the evolution of Buddhism in India. Secondly, the site was funded by the empires that ruled the region.

A brief description of the caves

The Ajanta caves, carved into a crescent-shaped cliff above the Waghur River, comprise 30 Buddhist grottoes. Construction began around the 2nd century BC, during the Satavahana era, and continued until the 6th century, under the Vakataka dynasty. These caves served as both monasteries and sanctuaries for Buddhist monks.

The division of the caves into Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism reflects the different religious and artistic phases:

• Hinayana (or Theravada): The early phase, characterized by an absence of Buddha idols, focuses on stupas and symbols such as the wheel or the Bodhi tree.
• Mahayana: The later, more complex phase introduces anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, often surrounded by bodhisattvas.

The empires behind the Ajanta caves

Two empires succeeded one another at Ajanta: the Satavahanas and the Vakakalas.

The Satavahana Empire (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD)

The Satavahana Empire, also known as Andhra or Andhradesa, was one of the first major regional powers to emerge in India after the fall of the Maurya Empire. This empire, which flourished in the Deccan region, played a crucial role in the economic, cultural and religious history of ancient India.

Origins and expansion

Founded around the 2nd century BC, the Satavahana Empire reached its apogee under rulers such as Gautamiputra Satakarni and his son Vasisthiputra Pulumavi. They established control over much of central India, including Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

The Satavahanas are renowned for maintaining a decentralized power structure, allowing local dynasties to retain a degree of autonomy while recognizing their suzerainty.

Administration and economy

The Satavahanas are famous for their structured administrative system. Satavahana inscriptions, often carved on pillars or caves, mention terms such as rajaka (king), amatya (ministers) and mahamatra (officials).

The empire’s economy was mainly based on agriculture, trade and crafts. The Satavahanas were key players in maritime trade, linking India to ports in the Mediterranean, East Asia and the Gulf.

Culture and religion

The reign of the Satavahanas saw a great cultural flowering. They encouraged the development of regional languages such as Prakrit, while upholding Vedic and Buddhist traditions. The earliest architectural remains in the Ajanta caves date from this period, notably the stupas in caves 9 and 10, which reflect Hinayana Buddhist values.

The Satavahanas were also active patrons of the plastic arts, as evidenced by the famous stone and ivory sculpture found at Amaravati.

The Vakataka Empire (3rd century – 6th century)

The Vakataka Empire succeeded the Satavahanas in the Deccan and became one of the main promoters of culture, art and spirituality in ancient India. Their patronage of the Ajanta caves marked a major artistic and religious turning point.

Origins and expansion

Founded by Vindhyashakti around the middle of the 3rd century, the Vakataka empire reached its apogee during the reign of Rudrasena II and Pravarasena II. Unlike the Satavahanas, the Vakatakas were faithful to Hinduism, in particular the cult of Vishnu and Shiva.

Their kingdom extended over Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and part of Andhra Pradesh. Through matrimonial alliances, the Vakatakas strengthened their power, notably through their union with the Guptas, the dominant dynasty of northern India.

Cultural and artistic patronage

The Vakatakas are best known for their patronage of the Mahayana Buddhist arts. It was under their reign, notably that of Harishena (the last great Vakataka king), that the Ajanta caves were enlarged and adorned with the sumptuous frescoes we know today.

Ajanta caves 1, 2, 16 and 17, which illustrate scenes from the Jatakas and accounts of daily life, bear witness to the artistic refinement and attention to detail of the craftsmen of the period.

Religion and administration

Although the Vakatakas favored Hinduism, their reign was marked by religious tolerance. This coexistence can be seen in the Buddhist caves they sponsored.

Their administrative system was similar to that of the Satavahanas, with decentralized control and relative autonomy for local governors.

Apogee and decline of the Ajanta caves

Ajanta was a major Buddhist site until the 6th century, when it declined. From the 9th century onwards, it was abandoned and forgotten until 1819.

The heyday of the Ajanta caves

The site’s heyday coincides with that of Buddhism in India. Two Chinese monks give us an idea of the spiritual effervescence sweeping India at the time.

Faxian and Xuanzang are two major figures in the history of Buddhist pilgrimages between China and India. Here are more details on their journeys and their possible links with the Ajanta caves.

Faxian (337 – 422)

• Context to his journey: Faxian set out for India in the early 5th century to collect Buddhist sacred texts, notably the Vinaya (monastic codes) and sutras. At the time, Buddhism was flourishing in India, and sites such as Ajanta were important centers for monks and pilgrims.
• Itinerary: He crossed the Gandhara region (now in Pakistan), Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, visiting sacred Buddhist sites such as Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar. He doesn’t mention Ajanta directly, but he does describe Buddhist monasteries that may have similarities with the Ajanta site, notably those located in natural or man-made caves.
• Contributions: His work, The Narrative of the Buddhist Kingdoms (Foguo Ji), is a valuable source for understanding Indian Buddhism in the 5th century. Although the Ajanta caves are not named, Faxian describes the prosperity of the monasteries and the Buddhist art that corresponds to the period when Ajanta was flourishing.

Xuanzang (602 – 664)

• Context of his journey: Xuanzang is best known for his pilgrimage to India in the 7th century, a century after Ajanta’s heyday. His aim was to deepen his Buddhist knowledge and bring sacred texts back to China. By this time, Buddhism was beginning to decline in India, but sites like Ajanta were still partly active.
• Itinerary: Xuanzang visited major Buddhist universities such as Nalanda and monastic sites across northern and central India. His itinerary took him to the Western Ghats region, near Ajanta. Although he doesn’t specifically name the caves, he does describe rock monasteries in similar mountains.
• Description of monasteries: Xuanzang mentions Buddhist monasteries where monks practiced the Mahayana, in complexes decorated with frescoes and sculptures, elements characteristic of Ajanta. He also mentions the decline of certain religious centers due to the rise of Hinduism and local invasions, reflecting the situation in Ajanta at the time.
• Contributions: His work, The Great Tang in the Western Kingdoms (Da Tang Xi Yu Ji), is a mine of information on the state of Buddhism and Indian art. It offers an indirect insight into sites such as Ajanta.

Why their stories are linked to the Ajanta caves

1. Chronology: Faxian traveled during Ajanta’s heyday, while Xuanzang visited India as Buddhist activity in the region began to decline. Their writings, while not directly mentioning the caves, describe similar environments.
2. Monastic caves: Both pilgrims describe Buddhist monasteries carved into the rock, where monks lived and meditated, an emblematic feature of Ajanta.
3. Buddhist art: Xuanzang’s accounts, in particular, highlight the importance of frescoes, sculptures and monastic architecture, all of which are typical of Ajanta art.

Decline and oblivion

With the decline of Buddhism in India and changing trade routes, the site gradually lost its importance and was abandoned, buried under the dense vegetation of the western ghats. For centuries, Ajanta remained forgotten.

Rediscovery of the Ajanta caves

In 1819, British officer John Smith, on a hunting expedition, was intrigued by a bow carved into the rock. He decided to take a closer look. He rediscovered the forgotten site. Amazed by the beauty of the intact frescoes, he initiated efforts to document and preserve this treasure trove of ancient Indian art, marking the beginning of the site’s worldwide recognition as a masterpiece of cultural heritage.

Buddhist currents and their evolution

Like all religions, Buddhism is criss-crossed by numerous currents. Each current is divided into different schools, which we won’t go into here. Each has its own particularities.

Hinayana (or Theravada)

Hinayana Buddhism, dominant in the early Ajanta period, emphasizes strict monastic life and meditation. Caves built during this period included stone stupas, symbolizing Buddha’s enlightenment, without idolatry. Monks followed fundamental teachings such as the Noble Eightfold Path and the Four Noble Truths. Hinayana Buddhists seek enlightenment for themselves. Most Hinayana countries are Burma, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia.

Mahayana

As Buddhism spread, it evolved into Mahayana, which introduces the notion of bodhisattva: enlightened beings who choose to remain in the cycle of rebirth (samsara) to help others achieve liberation. Close to enlightenment, the bodhisattva vows to remain in samsara The Mahayana caves of Ajanta are decorated with sumptuous frescoes and sculptures showing the Buddha in various poses and mudra (symbolic gestures). Mahayana countries include Sri Lanka, Vietnam, China, Taiwan and Japan.

Vajrayana

Vajrayana, also known as Tantric Buddhism, emerged later in India. It is the Buddhism that developed mainly in the Himalayas and Tibet. It incorporates all the concepts of Mahayana Buddhism, but enriches them with tantric and esoteric practices to help achieve enlightenment more rapidly.

Description of the Ajanta caves

The 30 Ajanta caves can be divided into two main groups:

Hinayana caves (1st-2nd century BC)
Caves 9, 10, 12, 13 and 15A
Mahayana caves (5th-6th century AD)
Caves 1 to 8, 11, 14, 15, 16 to 29
Here’s a description of some of the most remarkable:

Cave 1: Padmapani and Vajrapani

Famous for its detailed paintings, this cave houses frescoes depicting scenes from the Jatakas (tales of the Buddha’s past lives). The best-known paintings include those of the Teaching Buddha and the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara. This cave is a perfect example of Mahayana art. In this cave, you’ll find the painting that is the symbol of Ajanta. It is that of the bodhisattva Padmapani.

Padmapani

Cave 2: the most feminine cave

The frescoes here depict scenes of daily life, mixed with Buddhist narratives. The depiction of mothers and children is particularly moving. Funding for Ajanta Cave 2 is attributed to Queen Vakataka Varahadevi, who was the principal wife of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Harishena was one of the principal patrons of the Ajanta caves in the late 5th century CE. The decorated ceilings feature floral and geometric motifs.

Cave 10: The rediscovery of caves

This was the first cave visited by John Smith in 1819.

This Hinayana-style cave is a chaitya-grihas (worship hall) containing a stupa. The horseshoe-shaped windows provide dramatic natural light, illuminating the stone stupas. This was the first cave rediscovered by John Smith in 1819 during his hunting trip.

Cave 16 and 17: Essential caves

This cave is often referred to as the spiritual heart of Ajanta. The paintings show complex accounts of the Jatakas, the past lives of Buddha, including the Mahajanaka Jataka or Hasti Jataka. This was surely an important place of learning for the religious community. The sanctuary houses an impressive statue of Buddha.

Cave 24: the unfinished cave

This cave is important for understanding construction techniques. Indeed, in all the caves of Maharashtra, the construction techniques are identical. The caves were dug from front to back and from top to bottom. This unfinished cave is a good example of these construction techniques.

Cave 26

A chaitya mahayana cave, it is famous for its massive sculpture depicting the Buddha’s Parinirvana (his entry into final nirvana). Surrounding sculptures show scenes of bodhisattvas and other divine figures.

How to get to the Ajanta caves

The Ajanta caves are well connected by land and air:

• By air: The nearest airport is Aurangabad, around 100 km away. Regular flights connect Aurangabad with Mumbai, Delhi and other major cities.
• By train: Jalgaon station (59 km) or Aurangabad station (100 km) are a key access point for travelers from other Indian cities.
• By road: Public buses and private cabs are available from Aurangabad and Jalgaon. Roads are well maintained.
• Cab service: We offer a cab service that can take you to the Ajanta caves from Aurangabad. The professional driver will pick you up from your hotel and take you to the viewpoint overlooking the site. You can then begin your tour, or drive to the parking lot to start from below. Once you’ve arrived, the caves can be reached by shuttle bus.

Tips for visitors

• Best time to visit: November to March, when the weather is pleasant.
• Opening hours: 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. The caves are closed on Mondays.
• Guide or audioguide: Hire a local guide or rent an audioguide to better understand the complex stories behind the paintings and sculptures.
• Preparation: Wear comfortable shoes and bring water. Walking between caves can be tiring.

The Ajanta caves are one of the many treasures of the Aurangabad region. Please contact us to plan your trip with us.

When you travel to India, you will see many museums. India has such an important history and culture that every village can have a museum of it. This museum is made up of unique and antique pieces. Today, we invite you to discover the history of museum in India.

The history of museums and the first museum in India:

History of museums

The idea of the museum was born in the Europe. With the new trade routes and discovery of America, Europeans became passionate about cabinets of curiosities. During acceptance, the master impressed his audience, showing objects from elsewhere. This practice became known in the Renaissance, it was the basis of many museums.

This is how the first museum was born. The Ashmolean Museum in Oxford was created in 1683. They showcase the collections of the tradescant family and Elias Ashmole’s cabinets.

The first Indian museum

In the 18th century, the British colonized the Indian subcontinent. They also invented the idea of ​​the museum in India. Sir William Jones was one of the first British historians in India. He created the Asian Society in 1784 in Calcutta (Kolkata). The aim was to study the culture, heritage and history of India. The dissemination of works was also part of the company’s missions. To meet this objective, the idea of ​​creating a permanent place dedicated to the exhibition of objects was gaining ground. In 1796, the proposal to establish a museum was approved by the members of the Asian Society.

18 years later, in 1814, the first museum in India opened its doors. It is called the Imperial Museum which later became the Indian Museum. It is still at present one of the largest museums in India

The great movement of museum creation in the beginning of the 20th century

The Great London Exhibition: Beginning of the Movement

You would think that since the capital of the British Empire in India has a museum, no other was going to be born.

To celebrate industrial advances as well as in the arts and crafts, a large exhibition was organized in London. This exhibition took place in the Crystal Palace specially created for the occasion. Part of the exhibition shows a carved ivory throne, a cloak embroidered with precious stones and other objects. They represented India. This collection is now part of the Victoria Museum of Ornamental Arts and Albert museum in South Kensington.

Faced with the curiosity of the 6 million visitors, there was an awareness about Indian objects. To meet the demands of the Western market, Indian artisans were encouraged to create decorative items. Much of this was later used in the creation of new museums.

Creation of museums

Immediately after the great exhibition, the second museum in India was created in Madras (Chennai) in 1851. Later, they also founded two new museums in Mumbai (Bombay), names were The Victoria and Albert Museum in 1872 and the Prince of Wales Museum in 1905. Now the names has changed. The first one is called the City Museum of Dr Bhau Daji Lad. As for the second, it became the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya museum. The movement to create museums was spreaded across the Indian subcontinent.

The particularity of these museums is that they have botanical or zoological gardens.

Museums since the independence of India

In 1947, India became independent. It was important to create a national history. The new leaders of Free India took up an idea that the British had in 1946. They built a national museum in New Delhi dedicated to the vast heritage of the country. This national museum was created in 1960.

For 6 years, an American Grace Morley was director of this museum. As the founder of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, her experience provided a solid foundation for the education of conservation movement. By developing educational activities within the museum, she transformed this museum into an education center.

The creative movement has continued since then and many themed museums have opened in India.

Soneri Mahal: a fine example of a museum in India

History of the monument

Soneri Mahal was not built for the purpose of a museum. At first, it was the palace. It was built between 1651 and 1653 by Paharsingh, a Bundelkhan chief (region of India between Uttar Pradesh and Madya Pradesh). We only have a few references to Paharsingh and his brother, Juzarsingh. What we know that the latter was sent by Shah Jahan to the Deccan Valley to accompany Aurangzeb, governor of the region. He fought against Fateh (Nizam) in Daultabad and helped Mughals to capture Deccan region. To thank him or his services, he was offered a land outside of Aurangabad. He built his palace there. Unfortunately, Paharsingh did not enjoy his palace for long. He died in 1653.

The palace passed from hand to hand before becoming a regional museum. That is in the 70s.

Soneri Mahal, a name for greatness

The name of the palace comes from the painting on these walls. To show his wealth, Paharsingh had frescoes painted with a paint based on gold. In Hindi, gold is said to be सोना (sona). The Soneri Mahal therefore means the palace (mahal) of gold (sona).

Structure of the building

The palace is situated behind a massive door with enclosed wall. This door is called Hathikhana which means the place of the elephants. It was here where visitors and family parked the elephants. The ceiling and the large arches allowed this huge space.

Like the rest of the building, the front door has undergone modifications to make the palace a museum. Two of the three arches on the outside of the door have been closed.

As you can see in this image, the surrounding wall was also pierced with arches which were all recently built. In 2001, the museum’s curator set out to give a more Mughal ira to the palace garden. For this, ASI built the basin dug or water tank of fountains which can now be seen in front of the museum.

The last and most important modification was to close all the arches of the palace to create different rooms. Previously, the palace was completely open. This allowed to always have fresh air inside the building. The floor which became the administrative offices served as a room for the family.

Little gold paint remained in the palace. It remains in the second part of museum.

The collection of Soneri Mahal, a museum in India

This museum situated at the University of Aurangabad which is under archeology department. The elements presented are quite eclectic. When you return, on the left side, you have a room with weapons from the 17th to the 19th century.

Then on the right, there is a beautiful collection of paintings painted on wood and on glass representing Hindu deities. Then you reach the central room of the palace. This is where the family was organizing festivals or celebrations.

Finally, the last part presents a series of statues of different gods from Hinduism and Jainism. In this room, there is also the most beautiful work of the museum. It is a large wooden temple with a three-headed statue of Ganesh. This small temple comes from Ellora and dated to the 18th century.

Visit the Soneri Mahal

Useful information

• The Soneri Mahal is inside the university campus. If you want to get there, it’s best to ask rickshaw or driver to wait for you there. There is no transportation available near the museum and it will be impossible for you to find a taxi. The connection to order an Uber or Ola is quite random.
• Opening hours: The museum is open between Tuesday to Sunday from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
• The entrance fee changed before the lockdown and we will update it when lockdown gets over.

You can discover this museum from your sofa. We offer you a cultural immersion from home. Don’t hesitate to travel from your home today. We are waiting for you.

Feel free to contact us for more information.

There is a constant among all the great Mughal emperors, the gardens. The Mughal garden is distinguished from the others by many elements. As Aurangabad was the de facto capital of the empire, it also has an imperial garden, the Himayat bagh.

In an article, presenting the Bibi ka Maqbara, we made a first approach to the Mughal gardens. We will return to the Mughal gardens before talking about the imperial garden of Aurangabad.

The Mughal gardens

Distant origins

Long time before the Islamic era, gardens were very important. The existence of Persian gardens can be traced back to around 4000 years BC.

One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World was the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Even if some archaeologists doubt the existence of such gardens, this gives us an indication of the importance of gardens in the collective imagination and for the writers of that time.

With the advent of Islam, the garden takes a dominant place in culture. In all the Muslim world, there is the creation of gardens, as evidenced by the Agdal garden in Marrakech. It is the oldest garden in the Muslim world, still in existence. It was created in the 12th century. This garden like many others is inspired by Persian gardens.

Agdal Garden

Persian gardens, an inspiration for Mughal gardens

In Persian culture, the garden must provide two types of relaxation, spiritual aspect and recreational meet (meeting friends, taking a nap, etc.). It is also from the Persian name to designate a garden (an enclosed space), the word pairi-daeza is Persian which means paradise will arise in Judeo-Christian culture.

6 primary styles of Persian garden and one is very common, it is the Chahar bagh. This garden is divided into 4, hence its name. It is cross-shaped, either Latin (one of the axes is longer than the others) or Greek (the 4 axes are identical). The cross plan is marked by paths or canals. In the Persian garden, all the facts should be present to call it Persian. This is why there is a profusion of plants, trees, fruit trees, canals, birds etc …

Muslim culture enriched this garden by bringing it mystical elements. The number 8 is predominant because it represents the 8 gates of paradise described in the Quran.

The Mughals inspired by the Chahar bagh for the construction of their gardens.

The first Mughal gardens

The Mughal empire began with the victory of Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of Delhi during the first battle of Panipat in 1526. From his victory, as emperor of Agra, Babur never stop building gardens. The first garden that Babur built on Indian territory was the Aram bagh, in Agra. It was the beginning of a long series of gardens which became the mark of the great Mughal emperors.

The contributions of the great Mughals in the Persian garden

The first who brought an evolution in the definition of the garden was Akbar. Indeed, the garden does no longer exist, it is just a piece of flat ground and for relaxation but it became a mausoleum garden. He built the tomb of his father, Humayun at that location. This tomb located in Delhi and listed as World Heritage by UNESCO since 1993, it was the first mausoleum garden of the Mughal era. They have such other gardens all over India including the Taj Mahal.

Jahangir returned to the ornamental garden by transforming Kashmir into a valley of the gardens. Only 3 of these gardens remaining, including the famous Shalimar in Srinagar.

The one who brought the Mughal garden to its peak is Shah Jahan. He was passionate about architecture and botany. He had jasmine introduced into all Mughal gardens as well as white marble. In the gardens built by him, monuments are as important as plants, canals and trees. Obviously his most famous work was the Taj Mahal, but he also had the Mahtab Bagh arranged in the red fort of Delhi. It is a nocturnal garden filled with flowers that shine at dusk. After him, the Mughal gardens no longer experienced any significant evolution.

Himayat bagh, the Mughal garden of Aurangabad

History of the Mughal garden

Aurangzeb appointed as Governor of Deccan by his father, Shah Jahan. He settled in Aurangabad. He began construction of a palace and gardens. The Himayat bagh became famous throughout the empire. Thanks in particular to its mangoes. They were the cause of a dispute between Aurangzeb and his father. This became a problem when Aurangzeb didn’t send mangoes to his father.

Aurangzeb, became emperor, decided to settle in Aurangabad in 1682. He therefore made the city, the de facto capital of the empire. He enlarged the citadel and the imperial garden, the Himayat Bagh. Today, it is difficult to imagine them as well as the splendour of the 17th century city, as the city has grown and changed or civilised.

There are still a few places where you can explore this historic past. One of these is the Himayat Bagh. This green lush area in the middle of Aurangabad was the personal garden of Aurangzeb.

Located next to the Delhi gate, this Mughal garden has become a nursery and an agricultural research center. It is also the ideal place to escape the heat and noise of the city by staying inside. Every morning, you can observe walkers, joggers and other yoga practitioners in this garden.

What can you see in Himayat Baugh

Birds and peacocks

In the Mughal garden, all the key points must be present. The Mughals had adopted many species of birds in this garden. The most emblematic is peacock. Symbol of Mughal power, this bird has become the national bird of India.

During your visit to Himayat Baugh, you may be lucky enough to see strolling peacocks. In any case, you will hear their beautiful sound.

The front door:

The entrance door, which is erected at the end of a small road, used to be a beauty of this place but remained as shadow only.  Still you may have an idea of ​​how it was in the 17th century.

The Shakkar bawdi

The Aurangabad region is quite arid during the summer season. This is why, for a very long time, bawdi (artificial reservoirs) have been built by men. One was needed to irrigate all the plants in the Himayat bagh. So Shakkar Bawdi has been made there. The tank usually gets filled up during the rainy season. During the summer, this water was used for irrigation. Shakkar means sugar so the name actually means a reservoir of fresh water.

The irrigation system and the summer palace

Like any Mughal garden, the Himayat Baugh has an irrigation system and hydraulic canals. Even today, you can admire two of its canals that are arranged on each side of the summer palace. This arrangement made it possible to pass water through the summer palace, which refreshed the building.

During the breeding season, you will hear and see many frogs. Sometimes you won’t be able to hear anything except the voice of frogs calling for their mates.

Small mosque

Moving a little further from the nursery, you will come across a small mosque that is on top of small mountain. The building itself is not the most interesting but it allows access to a superb view of the Bibi ka Maqbara and the caves of Aurangabad.

To reach the Mughal garden of Aurangabad

From Delhi gate, there is a gate on left accessible only by two wheeler or on foot. One more way is in 500 meters, you will see barriers on the right to access the irrigation system and the summer palace. If you continue straight you will arrive at the small mosque.

To enjoy the most of this Mughal garden, you have to go there in the morning. We have created a walking tour to understand its history and experience being away from the city while being in the center of city. If you are interested, please contact us to have more information about the walking tour.

Before introducing you to the caves of Aurangabad, it is important to explain introduction of Buddhism in order to read the presence of temples in the region.

Brief introduction of Buddhism

Buddhism started in the north of India between the 7th and the 3rd century BC.

Siddharth Gautam, the historic Buddha

When Siddarth Gautam awaken in the life, that was the starting point for this new religion. He was born heir of a kingdom in southern Nepal today and was dedicated to a life of luxury. A prophecy says, that he will become a great king or a deliverer. To make sure that he would fulfill his destiny as a king, his father locked him up in a garden where only beauty and relaxed living reigned.

While growing up, Siddartha was asked to leave the palace to meet his kingdom’s people. Despite the precautions taken, he met 4 people, a patient, an old man, a corpse and a hermit. These four meetings made him discover the realities of life and the existence of Karma. He therefore decides to abandon his palace to devote himself to find the way for making himself free from the cycles of rebirths or Samsara. He awaited for awakening life under the Bodhi tree in Bodhgaya.

Buddhism in India

Although inspired by Hinduism, this religion stands out in particular on the subject of caste. The Buddha is also considered a master, a guru, but not a god (at least at the start of the Buddhist era).

When the Buddha died or took Mahaparinirvana, his disciples travelled all over Asia to spread his message. In India, Buddhism experienced a significant boom, especially with the emperor Ashoka. During his reign, Ashoka encouraged the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia as well as in Central Asia. India is known for Buddhist emperors for 4 centuries.

Decline of Buddhism in India

Even if Buddhism developed in Southeast Asia to become the state religion of many empires, in India it is another matter. Indeed, dissension appeared between the different schools of Buddhism. The loss of royal protection also weakened religion. There was also a movement of expansion of other religions like Jainism or Hinduism.

The presence of Buddhism in India was therefore threatened. It is the Muslim invasions which leads to the disappearance of this religion on the grounds which saw it being born, destroying the religious sites as well as the Buddhist libraries.

Renewal of Buddhism in India

There are certain movements which want to re-implant Buddhism in India from the end of the XIXth century. From 1890, the Dalits (the untouchables) reconversion movement was born.

It is B R Ambedkar who made this movement a reality and a success. He is one of the main drafter of the Indian constitution. He is especially the defender of the untouchables or Dalit persecuted by the Hindus. This lawyer relaunched the movement of conversion to Buddhism in order to get them out of the most vulnerable populations of the caste system. The movement gained momentum because in 5 years the proportion of Hindus went low from 82% to 80% in India.

It was this movement of conversion which bring up the Hindu nationalists of the RSS and later the BJP party of Modi.

The caves, a tradition rooted in Maharashtra

Between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, it was at the same time as the spreadsheet of Buddhism, the creation of caves / Buddhist temples throughout India.

Out of the 60 caves in India, there are 28 in the state of Maharashtra including Ellora and Ajanta classified as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These caves contain Buddhist temples and monasteries as well as other functions. The peculiarity of its caves comes from the fact that they were carved from top to bottom. The most famous caves are Ellora and Ajanta. The caves of Aurangabad are fewer and less impressive than those of Ellora or Ajanta but are a good introduction to this unique art.

Ajanta caves

Ellora caves

The caves of Aurangabad

The history of the caves of Aurangabad

There are two series of caves in Aurangabad. Each is one kilometre apart.

The first group dates from the 5th century. While the second is from the 7th and 8th century.

All caves are Mahayana Buddhist caves except cave 5 which is Hinayana and cave 6 which is Hindu. It is believed that following an earthquake that destroyed the front of Cave 1, the artisans preferred to abandon the Aurangabad caves to join the Ellora caves site for a better purpose.

The first group of caves in Aurangabad

Cave n°1:

This cave is the highest cave of the first group. It is unfinished. When we arrive in front of it, we realize that it must have had pillars but these have been destroyed. It is assumed that it was an earthquake which destroyed the front of this cave and which led to the abandonment of Buddhist temples of the site. You can still admire some carved columns.

Cave n°2:

Just before entering this cave, you can admire on the left, an artificial water tank. Proof that the site is a place of life for the monks and not just a sacred place or reserved for ceremonies. Cave 2 is quite small. We see from the entrance, a statue of Maitreya, the Buddha of the future. One can go around and will discover different representations/mudras of Buddha as well as remains of painting.

Cave n°3:

It is the most impressive cave of this first group. It is a temple which represents the most spectacular picture with groups of deities. The door frame of the sanctuary is made up of loving figures in small panels and nagas acting as guards. The square pillars are beautifully carved with foliage and geometric designs. You can also see monks’ rooms on the sides.

Cave no 4:

The front of the cave here also collapsed. It’s a stupa. The new pillars have been consolidated so that this cave does not completely collapse.

Cave no 5:

Replica of cave No. 2 in smaller size and less art work.

The second group of caves

Cave no 6:

I like to call it the cave of tolerance. There is religious tolerance in Maharashtra and in the Aurangabad region. This is why there are 3 holy cities for 3 different religions and the first Ellora site brings together 3 different religions.

In this cave, a statue of Buddha is located next to a statue of Ganesh. In order to show the unity, peace between religions.

Cave no 7:

It is the most majestic cave. It’s a temple. In the Garbhagriha (room where the main deity resides in the Hindu temples), there is an statue of Maitreya where sun comes to touch the feet every morning. On the left, you can admire the scene of a dancer accompanied by 6 other dancers.

The female figure of Buddhism:

This statue represents Amrapali, a royal courtesan of incredible beauty. She vowed to serve food to the Buddha. Despite his reluctance, he went to her house. After this meeting, Amrapali renounced her position and followed the Buddhist path. In the next room, you can admire Tara’s life. The ceiling is decorated with a semi-circular frieze.

To the left of Cave 7 a huge bodhisattva prays for the deliverance of the eight dangers: fire, enemy sword, chains, shipwrecks, snake lions, mad elephant and a demon (representing death).

Cave 8 and 9:

These caves are not accessible.

Cave no 10:

This last cave is not finished. Still, it has two important things. In one room, we see how the caves were built. The piece is not finished but the head of Buddha began to be carved. There is also a reclining Buddha which represents the last teaching of the Buddha, or dharma when he reached nirvana.

How to get to the caves of Aurangabad

The caves are located behind the Bibi ka Maqbara which is about 3KM. It is imperative to get there with a vehicle. If you take a rickshaw, you must negotiate with driver so that he will wait for you to take you to the second group of caves as well as to the town afterwards. You will not find a rickshaw or taxi outside the caves.

We offer a tour to discover the history and culture of Aurangabad. This tour will give you introduction of Buddhism and let you explore the Aurangabad caves.

The Taj Mahal is one of the most famous monument in the world. Every year, millions of people come to India to see this monument. The Bibi ka Maqbara does not have this success. Oftenly described as the Taj of Deccan or the Mini Taj for marketing reasons, the Bibi ka Maqbara is very different from the Agra monument.

This article will give you an idea to know the differences between these two monuments.

1- The Taj Mahal and the Bibi-ka-Maqbara: a very different story

The Taj Mahal was built between 1631 and 1654 in Agra. Shah Jahan wanted to give one last home worthy of the name to his late wife, Mumtaz Mahal as a symbol of love.

While finishing that in Agra, in 1651 the construction of Bibi ka Maqbara in Aurangabad began. This is the mausoleum of Rabia-ul-Daurani, wife of Aurangzeb. It´s construction lasted for 10 years.

If the Taj Mahal can´t go away from controversy over its construction and it´s use (see below), the Bibi ka Maqbara is at the centre of a controversy. Indeed, the dates of construction of the Deccan of Taj are from 1651 to 1661. The official sources says Azam Shah, son of Aurangzeb built it for his mother but the latter is born in 1653. Other sources dated the construction of the monument in 1668 to validate the mystery that Azam Shah was the supervisor of the construction.

In a book called “Aurangzeb, the man and the myth“, by Audrey Truschke says its constructed by the order of Aurangzeb. It is actually more likely that Aurangzeb built the Bibi ka Maqbara.

The controversy comes from the fact that Aurangzeb is the most hatred person in India hence nothing good has been done by him and no heritage belongs to him.

2-Each monument is a symbol of something different

The Taj Mahal is the universal symbol of eternal love. Indeed, Shah Jahan wanted through this mausoleum to pay tribute to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. When she died, the emperor was devastated. He called on the greatest architects and craftsmen to create the most beautiful proof of love. Even today, thousands of couples come to the mausoleum to get their picture there. Newlyweds come to capture their love at the entrance of this marvel.

The Bibi ka Maqbara does not belong to this symbol. And for a good reason, it is not love that has driven its construction but ambition. Indeed, Aurangazeb was the governor of Deccan when he began the construction of the mausoleum. In the Mughal tradition, it is not the first son or child who inherits the throne but the one who shows his aptitudes. At each death of an emperor, a war of succession is fought between the heirs.

The construction of the Bibi ka Maqbara was a way for Aurangzeb to show his ambitions to want to become emperor over his two brothers. This is why the realisation of the book was not as tidy as the Taj Mahal. Indeed, in 1658, Aurangzeb will become emperor.

3- The materials used make a big difference on the final result

For Shah Jahan, nothing was too good to prove his love to his late wife. So he spent lavishly and used the best materials possible. The mausoleum is totally in marble with inlaid precious stones. The result is an immaculate monument that changes colours during the day. This makes the place even more magical.

Marble and plaster are the main materials of Bibi ka Maqbara. Plaster does not have the brilliance of marble and the feel. It is also more friable and less resistant to rain. This makes the building more fragile.

4- Taj Mahal and Bibi ka Maqbara: different structure and shapes

When we look at the photos of the two monuments, we immediately realise their difference in shape.

The Taj Mahal is octagonal while the Bibi ka Maqbara is square.

The octagonal shape is a classic among the Mughals. For them, the number 8 is an auspicious number and brings good luck. That is why we find its evocation in the Mughal constructions: 8 platforms in the gardens of Bibi ka Maqbara, octagonal form of the tomb at the Bani Begum garden of Khultabad, etc …

If the octagonal shape is respected in the walls of the mausoleum in Aurangabad, the exterior is square. It makes the building more rectilinear and gives another perspective to the work.

5- Different perspective for the monuments

As we have said, the Taj Mahal is the most visited monument of India. It is so successful that the government has just increased the entrance fees for Indians and foreigners to reduce the number of visitors. Many restoration plans have been undertaken. The gardens are very well maintained and the irrigation system is in good working order.

Unfortunately, it is suffering from a renewed interest in his destruction. Indeed, Hindu extremists argue that the Taj Mahal is actually a temple of Shiva and that Shah Jahan has made it modified. P.N Oak, chairman of the Indian revisionist institute, asked the Supreme Court in 2000 to search the graves of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan for the original Nigam. This request was rejected since all the experts agree that this monument belongs to the Mughal era. Last year, a new request was made to pray Shiva on Monday inside the mosques that are on the side. Again, this request was rejected but recently a group of extremists came to do a puja (worshipping the Hindu god)

The Bibi ka Maqbara suffers from its comparison with the monument of Agra. Few visitors come to see it and many tourists do not even know about it. Controversies over its past and the lack of interest of visitors make the monument deteriorate. No sustainable restoration plan is planned.

6- Why visiting the Bibi ka Maqbara?

This is probably the question you ask yourself after reading this article. There are several reasons why visiting the Bibi ka Maqbara is interesting.

The first is that it is an element of the Mughal capital of the seventeenth century. Not visiting the Maqbara is passing the splendour of the past. It’s also missing to not understand Aurangzeb’s ambitions.

It is also a proof of the decadence of the empire. Indeed, under Aurangzeb, the empire reached its territorial apogee. But the time of splendour was over. More participation in the first arts, more music at the court, more philanthropy towards the artists and especially finished the big architectural projects.

There is an undeniable charm when you arrive at the monument. It is majestic and there is a nostalgic side. You will definitely not have the same emotions watching it as in Agra. But you will feel something we can guarantee you.

Then, the last reason is more altruistic. Visit the Bibi ka Maqbara to finance its restoration and also its protection. The protection of history is a new thing in India and is still very selective. To protect the Bibi ka Maqbara is to protect part of the history that some nationalists would like to make disappear. And don’t forget you will have less tourist in Bibi ka Maqbara than Taj Mahal.

In order to make you discover the Taj Mahl of Deccan, we have created a tour for discover the 3 capital of the area and also a tour on Aurangabad, the Mughal capital

In a previous article, we discussed the history of Daultabad fort. In this one, we will discuss the different monuments that are to be visited in the fort.

How to get to Daultabad fort?

The fort is located on the highway between Aurangabad and the Ellora Caves.
It is very easy to get there from Aurangabad by taking a taxi, a rickshaw or a bus.
It takes between 30 minutes to 45 minutes to reach the fort, depends on the traffic. Choose to visit it in the early morning when weather is still cool because there are only few shaded areas in the fort.

How is the fort?

The fortress had 4 lines of defense which divide it into 4 distinct zones. Ambarkot which is outside the fortress. This area has never been declared a protected archaeological site. Mahakot which is the second line of defense of the fortress. Kalakot with its impressive wall and sumptuous palaces and finally Balakot named after the colony where the palace is located. What is currently known as Daultabad is Mahakot, Kalakot and Balakot.

Strategically the fort had only one entry to divert the enemies. What they meant is that you will come home and will go out from the same entrance.

First part of the visit: Mahakot
After purchasing your tickets, you will pass control of the tickets under the first big gate of Mahakot then a court where they exhibited different cannons. The prettiest cannon of the fort is not found in this court but higher up in the fort.

You will then pass another tall door. The doors are very tall because in India, the wars were happening with the help of elephants. You will admire Daultabad’s first defense system, which consisted of building off-set gates. There were two functions to that. The first allowed to control the flow of people returning to the fort. And in case of attack, it slowed down the enemy.

Passing the second door, you will be in the street of the bazaar.

The street of the bazaar:
This is the main access to other parts of the fort. It must be remembered that the fort was actually a fortified city and an empire capital.
You will admire some kinds of vaulted rooms. This was the place where they had market stalls.
A little higher on the left, take the stairs to see Hathi haud.

The elephant reservoir (Hathi haud):
It is about 38 meters on each side and more than 6 meters deep. The name literally means Elephant’s bathhouse, although the narrow steps that lead to it, and the width of the walkway around, do not support such a tale! Simple and solid without any decoration, the tank is an example of utilitarian construction. Most likely, it served as an internal reservoir for the Mahakot, providing enough water to support a large population and maintain the garden and orchards. It could also have been used as an ablution tank for visitors to the nearby Great Mosque.

Chand Minar:
More than 30 meters high, with a diameter of 3 meters at the base, the Chand Minar completely dominates the landscape around Daulatabad and which is built by Bahmanis. Conceived as a victory tower on the conquest of the Deccan at the end of the 13th century. Three circular balconies, at somewhat regular intervals, cantilevered, form the circular tree of the tower, supported by radiant consoles.
A spiral staircase inside the tower, now closed to visitors. At the base of the Chand Minar, there is a small cubic building with fluted roundings, typical features of Bahmani architecture.

Chand minar

The palaces of Daultabad fort: Balakot

Tower of defense:
The most notable Mughal additions to this part of Daulatabad is the huge cannon known as Mendha Toph mounted on a circular rider built in the west of Chini Mahal, opposite to the Bahmani Palace. Built in massive masonry, the rider supports a large pistol with a curious ram’s point.
The mounting mechanism on the jumper indicates that this gun could be rotated both horizontally and vertically in 180 degrees, allowing more accuracy on a long-range lens. A Persian inscription engraved on its handle names the Quila’Shikan gun (destroyer of the fortification).

Tower of defence

Chini Mahal:
The Chini Mahal (Chinese palace) takes its name from the blue ceramics designs that adorn its facade. In an extremely fragmentary state, partly undiscovered and largely ruined, the Chini Mahal presents a mystery, since its original function remains unknown. Today, the building consists of a portal that leads into a longitudinal hall, with a raised platform flanking one side of the interior.
The Chini Mahal was originally part of the complex of palaces, pavilions, gardens and elaborate royal quarters. After taking control of Daulatabad, the Mughals converted this area into a stage for defensive works. Bastions and riders have been added and the Chini Mahal has been refitted as a prison. The last sultans of Bijapur and Golconda, namely Sikandar Shah and Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, who died here in 1686 and 1699 respectively.

Chini Mahal

Brahmani Palace:
This palace is in restoration, has a central dome-shaped room, while the side rooms are covered with pyramidal vaults, the latter being a typical feature of Bahmani architecture.

The impregnable mountain: Balakot

Crossing the bridge to access the last part of Daultabad Fort, you can admire the moat artificially create. You will also see how the mountain was cut to separate it from the rest of the fort. The defense tower in just opposite, allowed for greater control of the entrances and exits of the fort. The artificial moat was filled with piranhas and crocodiles according to historians.

After the first dark passage, you will arrive at the entrance to the citadel. It is a wandering tunnel which, in time of siege, becomes impassable by an ingenious device. This underground passage is indeed mysterious and despite the attempts of several individuals, all its mysteries are still unknown.

The long ascending tunnel rises rapidly and tortuously through a set of steps, unequal in width and height, difficult to climb in the absence of light. Turns and twists lead to a window, now covered with railings, but which was originally a trap for enemy intruders, who, as they entered, fell down a slope into a watery pit. The stairs in the courtyard were built in 1952 for the convenience of tourists.
After the dark passage, a long ascent begins until Mughal Baradari.

Mughal Baradari:
The pavilion was commissioned by Shah Jahan after he captured the fort in 1636. Formed of basalt blocks and partially plastered, the pavilion has an inner courtyard that gives access to a series of rooms including one with an octagonal facade with balcony to Arcades that offers great views of the entire site. Baradari has also been used by Aurangzeb.

View from Mughal Baradari

On the right, there is a path to access the cannon at the top of the mountain.

If you want to visit the Daultabad fort, do not hesitate to contact us.